Sememes

Unit of meaning: 

sememes – plural of sememe, the interpretation given to a morpheme (a language unit).

A sememe (from Greek σημαίνω (sēmaínō) 'mean, signify') is a semantic language unit of meaning, analogous to a morpheme. 

The concept is relevant in structural semiotics.

There are five types of sememes: two denotational and three connotational, the latter occurring only in phrase units (they do not reflect the denotation)

The operational definition of synonymy depends on the distinctions between these classes of sememes.

For example, the differentiation between what some academics call cognitive synonyms and near-synonyms depends on these differences.

A related concept is that of the episememe (as described in the works of Leonard Bloomfield), which is a unit of meaning corresponding to the tagmeme.

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Snellens

Snellens: plural of Snellen - A surname: 

Snellen is a Dutch surname. 

Snel means "quick" in Dutch and the original bearer of the name may have been a lively person. However, the origin of the surname often was patronymic, as Snel and Snelle were short forms of the archaic Germanic given name Snellaard (which originally meant "lively and strong").

People with this surname include:

Herman Snellen (1834–1908), Dutch ophthalmologist who introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity (1862). 

He took over directorship of the Netherlands Hospital for Eye Patients (Nederlandsch Gasthuis voor Ooglijders), after Franciscus Donders.

Ignas Snellen [fr; nl] (born 1970), Dutch astronomer

Johan Snellen [nl] (1642–1691), Dutch Naval Officer

Maurits Snellen [de; nl] (1840–1907), Dutch meteorologist and explorer of the Arctic

Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen (1834–1911), Dutch entomologist.

Pieter Snellen was a merchant in Rotterdam. 

He is not to be confused with Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven, another entomologist from Rotterdam.

Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven (1816–1880), Dutch entomologist.

He was curator of the entomological collections for the Natural History Museum, Leiden from 1854 to 1873, when he retired due to health problems.

In 1857 he founded Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, a journal of systematic and evolutionary entomology published by the Netherlands Entomological Society.

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Sawbwas

1. A Shan chieftain: 

sawbwas: Noun - plural of sawbwa (from Burmese caubhwa) A Shan chieftain.

Chao-Pha (lit. 'lord of the sky'; Tai Ahom, Thai: เจ้าฟ้า, Shan, romanized: Sào Fá, Burmese: Sawbwa, Chinese: 召法; pinyin: Zhàofǎ) was a royal title used by the hereditary rulers of the Tai peoples of Mong Dun, Mong Shan, Mong Mao, kingdoms of Thai and Tai-Khamti people.

According to local chronicles, some fiefdoms of Chao-Pha date from as early as the 2nd century BCE; however, the earlier sections of these chronicles are generally agreed to be legendary.

Sawbwa, Burmese approximation of Shan saopha, used as a suffix for Shan chiefs (e.g., Nyaungshwe Sawbwa Sao Shwe Thaik)

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2. Cyprinid fish

The sawbwa barb (Sawbwa resplendens), also known as the Burmese rammy nose, Asian rummynose or rummynose rasbora, is an endangered species of cyprinid fish in the monotypic genus Sawbwa. 

The species is endemic to Inle Lake in Myanmar (Burma).

It grows to a maximum total length of 3.5 cm. 

Mature males are iridescent silvery-blue with red snout and red lobes to the tail fin; females are duller without red and with a dark pigmentation spot by the anus. 

The sawbwa barb completely lacks scales.

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Senones

1. Commune in France:

Senones (French pronunciation: [sənɔn]) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France. 

It is the location of the former Senones Abbey, founded around 640.

The belltower of the abbey church dates from the 12th century, most of the other surviving buildings date from the 18th and 19th century. 

Until 1793, Senones was the capital of the Principality of Salm-Salm. 

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2. Benedictine abbey in France 

Senones Abbey (Abbaye de Senones) was a Benedictine abbey located in the valley of the Rabodeau, in the present village of Senones in Grand Est, France.

The abbey was founded in the middle of the 7th century by Saint Gondelbert, bishop of Sens, who was also the first abbot.

Gondelbert arrived in the Rabodeau valley and named his monastery after the diocese of Sens (Senonis in Latin).

In 661, Childeric II, king of Austrasia, donated the Val de Senones to Gondelbert, who dedicated the church to Notre Dame.

The monks followed the Rule of Saint Benedict.

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3. Gallic tribe 

The Senones or Senonii (Gaulish: "the ancient ones") were an ancient Gallic tribe dwelling in the Seine basin, around present-day Sens, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. 

Part of the Senones settled in the Italian peninsula, where they ousted the Umbrians between Ariminum (modern-day Rimini) and Ancona.

They are described in classical sources as the leaders of the Gallic war-band that captured Rome during the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC. 

They remained a constant threat until Rome eventually subjugated them in 283 BC, after which they disappeared from Italy.

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4. Surname:

Marion Sénones (born Marcelle Borne; 1886 – 1977), was a French painter, illustrator and traveler.

In 1931, she met traveler and ethnologist Odette du Puigaudeau and the pair would remain together for the rest of their lives.

In 1933, the artist assumed the pseudonym Marion Sénones, apparently at the urging of Puigaudeau.

The two women spent several years doing field work with the nomads of western Sahara, specifically Mauritania.

Sénones illustrated many of Puigaudeau's works.

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Sneddens

A surname: 

Sneddens: plural of Snedden - A surname.

Billy Snedden (1926–1987), Australian politician who served as the leader of the Liberal Party from 1972 to 1975.

He was also a cabinet minister from 1964 to 1972, and Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983.

Bob Snedden (1867–1931), was a Scottish-born South African rugby union footballer.

Snedden played only one Test for South Africa, in which he was captain, in 1891. He played for the Griqualand West province.

Charles Willis "Bill" Snedden (1913–1989), publisher of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner from 1950.

Colin Snedden (1918–2011), was a New Zealand Test cricketer.

Bowling quick off-breaks, he played one match before the Second World War, then resumed his career eight seasons later in 1946–47.

He took five wickets against Otago then eight wickets against Canterbury, including 6 for 59 off 34 overs in the second innings.

He played a few matches in two more seasons before retiring.

James Snedden (1849–1919?), Scottish-born recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War

On June, 1864, he captured Colonel Beuhring Jones, commander of the 60th Virginia Infantry.

On May 31, 1865, after the end of the War, he was honorably mustered out of the Army.

On September 11, 1897, thirty-three years after Piedmont, he was presented with the Medal of Honor.

Martin Snedden (born 1958), is a former New Zealand cricketer, who played 25 cricket tests, and 93 One Day Internationals, between 1980 and 1990.

He was a member of New Zealand's seam bowling attack, alongside Richard Hadlee and Ewen Chatfield, throughout its golden age in the 1980s.

Nessie Snedden (1892–1968), was a New Zealand cricketer.

He played first-class cricket for Auckland between 1909 and 1928, and captained New Zealand in the days before New Zealand played Test cricket.

Warwick Snedden (1920–1990), was a New Zealand cricketer who played two matches for Auckland in the 1946–47 season.

A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium bowler, Snedden made 92 runs from his two matches at 30.66, largely from one knock of 75.

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Shaddahs

Diacritics used with the Arabic alphabet: 

shaddahs: Noun - plural of shaddah

Shaddah (Arabic: شَدّة shaddah [ˈʃæd.dæ], "[sign of] emphasis", also called by the verbal noun from the same root, tashdid تشديد tashdīd "emphasis") is one of the diacritics used with the Arabic alphabet, indicating a geminated consonant.

It is functionally equivalent to writing a consonant twice in the orthographies of languages like Latin, Italian, Swedish, and Ancient Greek, and is thus rendered in Latin script in most schemes of Arabic transliteration, e.g. رُمّان = rummān 'pomegranates'.

In shape, it is a small letter س s(h)in, standing for shaddah.

It was devised for poetry by al-Khalil ibn Ahmad in the eighth century, replacing an earlier dot.

When a shaddah is used on a consonant which also takes a fatḥah /a/, the fatḥah is written above the shaddah.

If the consonant takes a kasrah /i/, it is written between the consonant and the shaddah instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script.

When writing Arabic by hand, it is customary first to write the shaddah and then the vowel diacritic.

In Unicode representation, the shaddah can appear either before or after the vowel diacritic, and most modern fonts can handle both options.

However, in the canonical Unicode ordering the shaddah appears following the vowel diacritic, even though phonetically it should follow directly the consonantal letter.

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